SUSTAINABLE POULTRY FARMING: WASTE MANAGEMENT, ANIMAL WELFARE, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Poultry farming plays a significant role in food production by supplying eggs, meat, and employment opportunities to rural and urban communities. However, the expansion of poultry production has created challenges related to waste disposal, water quality, air pollution, disease prevention, and animal welfare. Poultry litter, manure, wastewater, feathers, and processing by-products require appropriate management to prevent environmental contamination and protect public health. This paper examines sustainable poultry farming practices, focusing on waste management, animal welfare, disease prevention, resource efficiency, and environmental protection. A narrative literature review approach is used to synthesize established knowledge and guidance from recognized agricultural, veterinary, and environmental organizations. The review discusses composting, nutrient management, biogas production, biosecurity, ventilation, responsible antimicrobial use, and efficient water and energy consumption. It also considers the financial and technical barriers that may prevent small-scale poultry producers from adopting improved practices. The paper finds that integrated management strategies can help reduce pollution risks while supporting flock health and farm productivity. However, successful implementation requires locally appropriate solutions, farmer education, reliable veterinary support, and effective regulatory oversight. The paper concludes that sustainable poultry farming should combine environmental responsibility, animal welfare, economic viability, and food safety.