PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS: ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS, SOIL HEALTH, AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Pesticides play an important role in modern agriculture by helping farmers control insects, weeds, fungi, and other organisms that damage crops. However, inappropriate application, excessive use, and inadequate disposal can contribute to pesticide residues in agricultural soils. Depending on their chemical properties and environmental conditions, these substances may persist in soil, move into groundwater, affect non-target organisms, and influence important biological processes. This paper examines the sources, behavior, environmental consequences, and management of pesticide residues in agricultural soils. It uses a narrative literature review approach to synthesize established research and guidance from recognized scientific and regulatory organizations. The review discusses the influence of soil texture, organic matter, moisture, temperature, and microbial activity on pesticide persistence and movement. It also explores the effects of residues on soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, water quality, and agricultural biodiversity. Sustainable management options include integrated pest management, appropriate pesticide selection, application according to label instructions, crop rotation, vegetative buffer zones, and regular environmental monitoring. The paper emphasizes that pesticide behavior varies considerably among compounds and locations, so risk assessment must be based on reliable evidence rather than general assumptions. It concludes that protecting agricultural soils requires cooperation among farmers, researchers, agricultural extension services, and regulatory authorities.