SOIL SALINITY AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY: CAUSES, IMPACTS, AND SUSTAINABLE RECLAMATION STRATEGIES

Soil salinity is a major environmental and agricultural challenge that can reduce crop productivity, affect soil structure, and threaten food security in many regions. It occurs when soluble salts accumulate in the soil to levels that interfere with plant growth and normal soil processes. Irrigation with saline water, inadequate drainage, high evaporation, and unsuitable agricultural practices can contribute to the development of salinity. This paper examines the major causes and consequences of soil salinity and reviews sustainable strategies for restoring affected agricultural land. A narrative literature review approach is used to synthesize established knowledge on salt-affected soils, crop tolerance, water management, and soil reclamation. The discussion covers drainage improvement, appropriate irrigation practices, soil amendments, salt-tolerant crops, organic matter management, and long-term soil monitoring. The review indicates that successful reclamation depends on the type and severity of soil degradation, water quality, drainage conditions, and local climate. It also emphasizes that salinity management should be based on soil testing rather than applying a uniform treatment to every field. The paper concludes that integrated soil and water management, farmer education, and region-specific research can help improve agricultural productivity and protect vulnerable land resources.