ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LIVESTOCK: CHALLENGES, PREVENTION STRATEGIES, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ONE HEALTH

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an important challenge for veterinary medicine, livestock production, public health, and environmental sustainability. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal health can be necessary for treating bacterial infections; however, inappropriate or excessive use may contribute to the development and spread of resistant microorganisms. Resistant bacteria and resistance genes can move between animals, humans, food products, and environmental compartments through several pathways. This paper reviews the major factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance in livestock and examines strategies for responsible antimicrobial use, disease prevention, farm biosecurity, and environmental protection. It also discusses the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnected health of humans, animals, and ecosystems. Vaccination, improved animal husbandry, veterinary supervision, accurate diagnosis, sanitation, and appropriate treatment protocols can reduce preventable infections and the need for unnecessary antimicrobial use. Nevertheless, financial constraints, limited diagnostic facilities, insufficient farmer education, and inconsistent regulatory enforcement can hinder progress. The paper emphasizes that antimicrobial resistance requires coordinated action involving veterinarians, farmers, public health authorities, researchers, and environmental agencies. Strengthening surveillance, improving access to veterinary services, and promoting evidence-based livestock management are essential for protecting animal health and maintaining the effectiveness of antimicrobial medicines.