SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVING WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Water is one of the most critical resources in agricultural production, accounting for approximately 70% of global freshwater withdrawals. Increasing population growth, climate change, and declining water availability have intensified the need for efficient irrigation systems. Sustainable irrigation management aims to optimize water use while maintaining crop productivity and environmental quality. This review examines the principles, methods, benefits, and challenges associated with sustainable irrigation practices. Particular attention is given to drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, deficit irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and smart irrigation technologies. The findings suggest that sustainable irrigation management significantly improves water-use efficiency, crop yields, and farm profitability while reducing environmental degradation. Adoption of innovative irrigation practices is essential for ensuring long-term agricultural sustainability and food security.