INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AS A SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY FOR CROP PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Crop losses caused by insect pests, plant diseases, and weeds remain one of the greatest challenges to global agricultural productivity. For decades, chemical pesticides have been widely used to protect crops; however, excessive pesticide application has resulted in environmental pollution, pesticide resistance, biodiversity loss, and health risks to humans and animals. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has emerged as an environmentally sustainable approach that combines biological, cultural, mechanical, and chemical methods to manage pests while minimizing ecological damage. This review examines the principles of IPM, its role in sustainable agriculture, and its environmental and economic benefits. It also discusses modern innovations, including biological control agents, precision agriculture, and digital pest monitoring systems. The findings indicate that IPM reduces pesticide dependence, enhances crop productivity, conserves biodiversity, and supports long-term agricultural sustainability. Greater farmer education, government support, and scientific research are essential for expanding IPM adoption worldwide.