ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND SUSTAINABLE CONTROL STRATEGIES

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most serious threats to animal health, public health, and global food security. The extensive use of antimicrobials in livestock production for disease prevention, treatment, and growth promotion has accelerated the development of resistant microorganisms. Resistant pathogens can spread among animals, humans, and the environment through direct contact, food chains, and environmental contamination. This review examines the current status of antimicrobial resistance in livestock production systems, identifies key drivers contributing to resistance development, and discusses sustainable control strategies. Particular emphasis is placed on antimicrobial stewardship, biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, alternative therapies, and policy interventions. The review highlights the importance of a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health sectors to address the growing AMR challenge.